NDVI measures photosynthetic activity and plant vigor. Chlorophyll absorbs visible red light for energy, while leaf mesophyll structures reflect near-infrared (NIR) light to prevent vegetation overheating.

Interpretation:

• 0.6 to 0.9 (Emerald/Blue): Healthy, dense, highly active turf canopy (greens and fairways).
• 0.35 to 0.55 (Green/Yellow): Dry, stressed, or low-density turf canopy.
• Under 0.2 (Tan/Blue): Bunkers, water, buildings, or dormant soils.

A modified Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) sensitive to liquid water molecules within vegetation canopy and open soil. Green light reflects moisture, while NIR tracks cell structures.

Interpretation:

• High (Deep Blue): Waterlogged soils, drainage pooling, or water hazards.
• Medium (Teal): Well-irrigated, highly hydrated healthy turf.
• Low (Yellow/Tan): Under-watered turf, localized dry spots, or hydrophobic sand profiles.

Displays the raw reflectance values of the near-infrared spectrum. Cellular structures of plants reflect up to 50% of NIR light.

Interpretation: Since changes in cell wall structure affect NIR scattering long before chlorophyll content decreases, the NIR band is a leading indicator of crop stress, disease, and drought before visual symptoms appear.

Combines the natural visible bands of the Sentinel-2 satellite to form an authentic snapshot of the course coordinates, exactly as seen by the human eye from orbit.

Note: TurfOps strictly forbids synthetic fallbacks for this band. If real orbit captures are not cached or query times out, this mode reverts to None with a toast warning to prevent misleading layouts.

Supervised machine learning algorithms process ultra-high-resolution (10-25cm) aerial orthophoto maps provided by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (MNRF).

The layout segments coordinates into five functional golf course categories: Water (Blue), Sand Bunkers (Tan), Roughs (Dark Green), Fairways (Light Green), and Greens (Emerald).

Vector road lines and highway overlays are fetched dynamically around each course's bounding box using OpenStreetMap (OSM) APIs.

Interactive Hover: Sweeping the cursor over any road segment triggers a client-side geometric projection that matches the pixel distance. If within 12px, it displays the road name and legal speed limits.